We help you in a classic, Capablanca who has written a few books about chess, but has turned them, clear concepts as was his play their game in which he explains the different stages of the game.
Said former world champion, in his book Chess Fundamentals, in the wake of such end the following. (It is worth mentioning that we could have changed the words to transform the idea in itself, but it seems much more honest respect for the clarity of your ideas for how best to convey their concepts)
1) THE CORONATION OF PEASANT
The gain of a pawn is the smallest obtainable material advantage in a game, and often, it is enough to win even if the only material remaining on the board other than kings. It is essential, generally speaking, that the King is located in front of his pawn and at least one box which separates it.
It's called opposition when kings are locked in a column or diagonal, the former world champion Jose Raul Capablanca said "When kings are directly opposite one another and one of them has the option of checking, consider whether or to oppose the other happens, you have that option is said to have won the competition.
If the opponent's king is directly opposite the epon, the game can be won. This will be shown in the best way in the following examples
Example 1. -

The position is a draw and should be performed so that the black king always be directly in front of the pawn and immediately box, and if it can not be obtained because of the proximity of the opponent's king, against the white king.
The game would continue as follows: 1. RE5 e3 2. Rd3 RD5. This is an important move. any other would have involved the loss of the game, as we will show later. Since the black king can not be placed on the pawn is placed against the opponent's king and everything in its vicinity.
3. e4 + Ke3 Ke6 RE5 4 5. Kf4 Kf6. Again we are in the same case. Each advance King's white, the black will be placed in front of it, since it can not be put on the opponent.
6. e5 + Ke6 7. D4 D7 8. RD5 Kd7 9. e6 + Ke7 10. Re5 Re8 11. Kd6 Kd8. And if White now move his pawn, black king is placed at its head getting that way. win the pawn or move the white king Ke6, which would result in a drawn game by "drowning". If instead the white retreat with his king, then you can put the black king and pawn versus when you are forced to retreat, will be placed back in front of the pawn, which enable to settle again over the same or white king, if progressed, as we mentioned above.
This approach is of utmost importance and the amateur must master completely all its details, because they bear on whether principles to be applied later and also because many players have lost their games in identical positions, to ignore . At this point I can not dwell on them, despite their importance.
Example 2. - In the following position, White wins because of his king pawn is located in front of and separated from it by an intervening square.

The method to be followed in this case is the following: moving the white king as much as possible, provided this is consistent with safety of the pawn, and never advance it without being completely sure.
Let
1. Ke4 Ke6
Black does not allow the progress of the white king, and therefore this is bound to advance the pawn to force the opponent to play again. and then you can go ahead with their king.
2. Kf6 e3 3. RD5 Ke7
If Black had played here 3 ... Kf5, White would find themselves forced to move the pawn to e4, as they could not do the same with their king without giving the opponent a wonderful chance to tie the game with D4, winning the pawn. But, as they have not done so, the best method for White is not to advance the pawn, as safety is not required, but instead, take your king later. For example:
4. Re5 Kd7 5 Kf6 Re8.
Now the white pawn is very behind and may be taken to promote the protection of his king.
6. Kd7 e4.
This should not be played 7. Kf7, given that Black had responded 7 ... Kd6, forcing him to retreat to give protection to pawn. so that should be continued as follows:
7. e5 Re8.
with any other move, White would have responded with Kf7, followed the progress of the pawn to e6-e7-e8, since all these boxes would be found under the white king. As Black will do everything possible to prevent this maneuver, Deven White force to move to one side and at the same time, preserve their monarch front of the pawn.
8. Ke6
Having played 8. e6, the game had ended in a draw, for the excellent response 8 ... Kf8, which would lead us to a position similar to the previous example.
8 ... Kf8 9. Kd7.
The black king should move, and continue to advance the pawn to the square e8, where you can become a queen, so the game is won easily.
This ending is similar to the previous, and, for the same reasons, must be learned thoroughly before proceeding with the study of those who follow.
We now present a few simple final two pawns against one, or three against two, so the student can see how you get to the coronation, here give a few explanations to get the chess qeu achieve success through their own efforts, as it must be borne in mind that anyone can learn how to play chess well with just the theory, this should serve as a guide, and the rest have to teach him a teacher, and, otherwise, the amateur must make again and again long and bitter experience with the practical application of many of the rules explained in this article.
Example 3. -

In this position White can not win through direct 1. f6 because of that Black would respond, not 1 ... gf6, which had lost, but with 1 ... Kg8, and if so 2. FG7 Kg7, and the game would be tables, as shown above. If 2. f7 + Kf8 and White never will crown his pawn without losing it at that moment. If 2. Ke7 gf6 3. Kf6 Kf8 and tables. White, however, can achieve victory in the position to study with the following procedure:
1. Kd7 Kg8 2. Ke7 Kh8 3. gf6 f6.
If 3 ... Kg8 4. f7 + Kh8 5. f8 = D Matt
4. Kf7 f5 5. g7 + Kh7 6. g8 = D + Kh6 7. Qg6 + +
Example 4. -

In this position White fail to achieve the victory playing 1. f5. The best answer of his opponent would then g6, which would draw. (The student must see for yourself). Nor is won by 1. g5. with g6 as Black empatarían, applying the rule of the opposition, which is essential to this end, as also for the pawn endings we've seen. (This important rule will explain in full detail below).
White can win playing like this:
1. Ke4 Ke6.
If 1 ... g6 2. Kd4 Ke6 3. Rc5 Kf6 4. Kd6 Kf7 5. g5 Kg7 6. Ke7 Kg8 7. Kf6 Kh7 8. Kf7 and White wins the pawn.
2. f5 + Kf6 3. Kf4 g6.
If this remains delayed pawn reach the end shown in the example above.
4. g5 + Kf7 5. f6 Kf7 Ke6 6 D4 7. Re5 Kf8.
White can not crown his bishop pawn (search reason), but with the delivery of the pawn can win and the other heading. For example:
8. f7 Kf7 9. Kd6 Kf8 10. Kg7 Ke6 11. Ke7 Kg8 12 Kf6 Kh7 13. Kf7 Kh8 14. Rg6 Kg8.
Black can stand still in this position. The truth is that the only way to get the victory is exemplified here, as can be seen easily in practice.
15. Kh6
If 15. Kf6 Kh7 and here to get the win, White must maneuver back up to the present position, since the move 16. g6 + Kh8 would draw.
15 ... Kh8 16. Kg8 g6 17. g7 Kf7 18. Kh7
And the white pawn promoted, winning with ease. This ending, which is apparently so simple, teaches the student the enormous difficulties to be overcome in a game, when facing an opponent who knows how to use the resources that perfectly encapsulates the defensive position of his pieces, and must show also The imperative need to devote full attention to these details elementary, actually constitute the real scaffolding underlying the chess masters.
Example 5. -

In this endgame, White can win the game moving any of the three pawns in his first move, but should follow the general rule, provided there is no good reason to justify the opposite, stating that the advance should be not have to pawn his face another opponent.
So here we start the game by:
1. Ke7 f5.
If 1 ... g6 2. f6, and would have a similar ending a previous one. if 1 ... h6 2. g5.
2. Re5 Kf7 3. Ke7 g5.
If 3 ... g6 4. f6, and if 3 ... h6 4. g6 + and in both cases again we would have an ending like other previously studied.
4. h5
Continuing g6, get a basic position as that of Example No. 3. if Black answer to this beat with g6, then through hg6, f6 + hg6 and arrive at exactly the same.
Example 6. -

In these cases the general rule is: act now on the side of the board which possess superior forces.
Consequently, here we play as follows:
1. g4
It is desirable in general thesis, making the advance of the pawn that is free of opposition
1 ... a5
Black advances the pawn on the other flank and White must consider whether or not to stop them. In this case you win either way, but in general, should be stopped when the enemy king is away.
2. a4 Kf6 3. h4 Ke6.
If 3 ... Kg6, it looks at first glance that the king of the white pawn can go on to and, after seizing him in a8 crown before his opponent promotes its own. It comes down to counting the time needed to obtain the result.
4. g5 Kf7 5. Kf5 Kg7 6. Kf7 h5
If 6 ... h6 7. g6 and White's two pawns are defended each other, and his king shall be authorized to address the other side and win the pawn on a5.
7. Re5
Now is the time to go to the left side of the board, winning the black pawn and crown himself. Such maneuvers are typical and the student must be conducted both in this case as in the similar you can find.
2) OTHER PRINCIPLES FOR THE END OF GAME
Now back to end on them and give some other PRINCIPLES, then study the middlegame and finally, again the openings. Thus, progress is experienced will become not only progressive but also homogeneous, getting that knowledge with a firm and solid.
3) A CARDINAL PRINCIPLE
Example 7. -

In the diagram position White can make tables playing 1. b4 in accordance with the general rule governing such cases. For example, "move the free pawn opposition." But suppose that the white, either through ignorance or because this principle in this example have not sufficiently appreciated the value of your application, play 1. a4?. In this case the Black wins the game by 1 ... a5, applying one of the cardinal principles of superior strategy in chess, "a unit that detains two".
In this case, a pawn could have arrested two opponents pawns. The student must always bear in mind this principle, it is never too much attention you devote to it. It can be applied on many occasions and is one of the main weapons in the hands of a master.
The example we ddo is so clear that it may be in itself sufficient. But then give you some moves of the main variant:
1. a4? a5 2. Rg2 Kf4
The best way, you can search for the causes themselves.
3. b4 Bb4 4. b3 a5 5. b2 a6 6. a7 b1 (D) 7. a8 (D) Qe4 + 8. Qe4 + D4.
This leads to a winning position for Black and is one of the classic late kings and pawns. Try to explain your main idea for those who are not familiar with it.
4) A CLASSIC FINAL
Example 8. -

In this position the best line of defense that can take the white pawn is to remain in box h2, where he currently is. As soon as progress easier the attainment of victory for his opponent. On the other hand, Black's winning plan (assuming that White did not move his pawn) can be divided into three parts. The first step must be to reach the box with their monarch h3, keeping intact the position of his two pawns. (This is of utmost importance, as to win the game it is essential that the black end are trained to advance his pawn further back, one or both boxes according to the position occupied by the white king).
1. Rg3 Re3 2. Rg2
If 2. RG4 then Rf2 3. h4 g6, winning
Kf4 2 ... 3. Rf2 RG4 4. Rg2 RH4 5. Rg1 Kh3
The first part has been completed. The second will be to cut the h-pawn advance until he reached the king.
6. Rh1 h5 7. Rg1 h4
This completes the second part. The third stage is constituted by the advance of the g-pawn, winning the precise times so you can play g3 when the white king is in h1. Now it becomes evident how necessary it is to move the pawn "g" one or two boxes according to the position of the king of the white (see what we have said to begin the study of this example).
In this case, as is their move to the white pawn is advanced two squares, to find the opponent's king in the corner, but if they were white were to play the position we have reached, the pawn "g" only serious advanced one square, as the white king would find located in g1.
8. Rh1 g5 9. Rg1 g4 10. Rh1 11 g3. HG3
Yes 11. Rg1 winning g2
HG3 11 ... 12. G2 13 Rg1. Rf2 Rh2 and Black wins.
This is how the student should try to analyze the positions, and so get to learn to reason logically in any position that comes along.
The example is an excellent topic for this result, it allows us to divide it into three stages that can be explained perfectly in each of the main points.
The next topic of study is based on the opposition, but before devoting our attention we must address two important things that we will see.
5) THE OBTAINING A passed pawn
In cases where three or more pawns oppose each other in similar positions to which we, in Example 9, there is always a possibility for one of the two sides in the struggle to get a passed pawn.
Example 9. -

In the position preceding the shape of a pawn get past based on the progress of which is located in the center.
1. Bb6 b6
If 1 ... CB6 2. a6
2. BC6 c6 3. a6
In this case, the white pawn is closer to the crown than any of his adversary, and White would win the game.
But if they would have received to move to the black, they would play:
1 ... b6 2. CB6 CB6
Black is not in a position of trying to obtain a passed pawn on the grounds that the white pawns would be more about promoting the pawn of his opponent.
3. Bb6 Bb6
And the game ends in a draw play correctly. The chess player must manipulate this position repeatedly, by itself without any help, to get a better understanding of it.
6) HOW TO GET TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THE LABOURERS TO BE CROWNED IN FIRST TERM
In cases where there are two passed pawns, or pedan reach such a condition to get crowned, seek, counting the time, which of the pawns reach the goal in the first term.
Example 10. -

In the diagram position, anyone who will get the appropriate play triunfo.Lo first be checked by calculation of fields is whether the opponent's king-pawn can be stopped before it reaches the eighth rank and crown. When, as in this case, the king can not stop reaching, you need to calculate which of the promoted pawns first. Here the number of moves to achieve this fundamental goal is the same, but the pawn reaches the eighth rank and top first will be in a position to capture the opponent's as becomes a queen.
For example:
1. h5 a4 2. h4 a5 3. Bb6 b6
Now we make a small calculation. White could take the pawn on b6, but if they do, they may act on the square in which crown the enemy pawn. Therefore it is right:
4. h3 a6 5. a7 h2 6. a8 (D) and win.
The student would do well to manipulate simple multiple endings that resemble this, in order to acquire the habit of calculating and well trained to know when you can easily get the promotion before your opponent. Again we should note that just by studying a book or article can not be reached to know how to act properly. This will serve as a guide only, and the rest will bring the experience, if, at the same time a teacher can be advised of the matter, the amateur adquierirá such knowledge more quickly, which will be of much use.
7) THE OPPOSITION
When you must move the kings and one side gets to place his king in a position similar to that which teaches us the following diagram, in such a way that the opponent is forced to play and find clear space, the advantage obtained is called OPPOSITION.
Example 11. -

In this position White to play.
1. Kd4 ...
Now Black has the option to oppose the passage of the white king, playing Kd6, or if preferred can spend with their own king Kf5 replicating. You can see that the kings are directly opposite and the number of boxes that separate is odd, one in this case.
The opposition can take the form of the preceding example, you could call the front or direct, or if not indicated in the following diagram:
Example 12. -

This opposition might call the diagonal.
Example 13. -

This we call the opposition side
In practice they are all similar. The kings always are located in boxes the same color, there an intermediate between them and the player who has moved past "has the opposition"
Now, if the student takes the time to move each of the Kings back in two recent examples, such as a game, in the front lines, diagonal or side, we will see what can be called direct opposition distant, distant opposition diagonal and distant opposition side, respectively.
The issue is of extraordinary importance opposition in the finals, and sometimes occurs in more complicated forms, which, however, can be solved mathematically, but for now, the amateur should consider only the simplest examples. (A review of some of the late kings and pawns that show us we have seen several issues of direct opposition).
In all the simple forms of opposition, when kings are located on the same line and the number of intermediate cells is even, the player with the play, also has the opposition.
Example 14. -

At the position of Figure 14 shows the enormous advantage of the opposition. The position is very simple. Very little material has been on the board and queza for the beginner is balanced at all. However, this is not accurate. Which side corresponds play wins. Bear in mind that the Kings is located directly opposite each other and that the number of intermediate cells is even.
Here is how to proceed to victory in this position.
The correct way is to move the king of front.
1. Re2 Ke7 2. Ke3 Ke6 3. Ke4 Kf6.
At this point, White can choose to bring his king to d5 and pass, or through Kf4 keep out the black king, holding the opposition.
By simply counting the times, we see that the first way does not give more than a draw, while taking the second variant to win the following:
4. Kf4 Kg6
If 4 ... Ke6 5. Rg5 and White wins.
5. Re5 Kg7
Now if we have time to see that White gets the victory by seizing the pawn "b" for Black.
The procedure we used has been comparatively simple variant above, but Black has other lines deensivas more difficult than abate. If we start again:
1. Re2 Kd8
And here 2. Kd3 Kd7 or 2. Ke3 Ke7, obtaining in both cases the black opposition. (When kings are directly facing each other and the number of intermediate cells closely both odd, the player who moved last gets the opposition).
But to win, White has to move forward. Only one other box where they can take their king, f3 and this is right. Therefore, we must bear in mind that in such cases, when the opponent makes a waiting move, steps should be a column or row left free between the two kings so that it must play as well:
2. Rf3 Ke7
Now would be wrong to advance, because of that black, carrying out his king against the blank, would get the opposition. Consequently corresponds play the white king e3, thus effecting a move similar to the first of his opponent, is a blow out.
This maneuver is called triangulation
This brings us back to the position of the first variant we have studied. And being repetitive, we must remember that over and over again should praticarse situations to get to understand them properly and see also the opponent's defensive options as in this case can be the difference between winning or losing the game.
The following example is excellent proof of the value of the opposition as a defensive weapon.
Example 15. -

White a pawn down, which seem lost, and yet can get tables as follows:
1. Rh1!
The position of the pawns allows White to not get to draw through the direct lateral opposition, and therefore opposition adotan distance. Indeed, if 1. Rf1 (direct opposition) RD2 2. Kd3 Rf2, and White can not keep the opposition side, which is essential for safety, given the location of his pawn on f3. Moreover, after the text move, yes.
1 ... RD2 2. Rh2 Rd3 3. Kh3! Re2 4. Re3 Rg2 5. Rg3 Kd4 6. RG4
Attacking the contrary pawn, forcing Black to play 6 ... Re3, after which through 7. Rg3, we have a position already seen and always keep the opposition.
Now back to the original position illustrated in diagram 15.
1. Rh1! g4
White could not play 2. FG4 because of that 2 ... e4 would win, but instead.
2. Rg2 RD2
If 2 ... gf3 + 3. Rf3 followed by D4, would draw.
3. e4 FG4
Counting the times you will see that as both sides come to a queen, the game ends in a draw.
If students now take the trouble to re-examine the late kings and pawns which we presented above verify that the issue of opposition and they all had a transcendent importance, something that really happens when all kings and late laborers, except those in which the position of the pawns in itself assures victory.

Source: http://davchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=10&t=2602

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