Formerly, the pawn only one square ahead always every play. To speed the game was decided, at some point, the first time you play a pawn, has the possibility of advancing two squares. This, however, implied that it could circumvent the defensive capacity of a pawn otherwise. To avoid this, then this play is set special: passant pawn (peculiar, of course, but this rule began to be introduced, largely for reasons of chivalry, to the sixteenth century).

• Position: You can make this play the black player has a pawn on the fifth row and your opponent has a pawn on the square at home in a column next to the black pawn. Obviously, White can also kill the step in a symmetrical position to that explained for Black.
• Action that allows: to the aforesaid position, the opponent (white) his pawn two squares forward from its original square where. The two pawns (white and black) remain next to each other, ie in the same row and in adjacent columns.
• Mechanism: the black pawn capture the white pawn, black pawn but obviously will not take up the empty square where that leaves the white pawn, but it would have taken the white pawn if it had advanced only one square.
• Condition: pawn capture step can only be done immediately, ie, in the turn following the advance of two squares by the opponent's pawn. If not done immediately, then you can no longer do.

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Source: Wikipedia

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